Impact of Apiculture on the Household Income of Rural Poor in Mountains of Chitral District in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25255/jss.2017.6.3.518.531Keywords:
Pilot intervention, alternative income, alternative livelihoods, impact assessment, ex-post scenario, difference-in-difference, rural mountain context, up-scalingAbstract
Livelihoods of communities living in mountain areas is typically dependent on subsistence agriculture and smallholder farming. The needs of smallholder rural mountain farmers for livelihoods cannot be addressed without providing them alternative income within available resources. Beekeeping has proven to be such an alternative livelihood option with potential of providing alternative income security to smallholder farmers living in rural mountain areas.However, how successful and sustainable beekeeping interventions are in terms of presenting a reliable alternative livelihood option particularly in rural mountain context of Pakistan is less explored. In this context, an impact assessment approach has been used in an ex-post scenario to better understand impacts attributable to an intervention.Applying such approaches in ex-post scenarios help better understand relevance, effectiveness, and suitability and sustainability aspects of interventions. This paper assesses impact of beekeeping pilot intervention on the household income of rural poor living in mountain areas of Pakistan and looks into suitability and sustainability aspects of the intervention in the ex-post scenario. Using ‘Difference-in-Difference’ approach, impact and sustainability of pilot intervention was assessed 4 years after conclusionof the intervention. Findings of the study suggest that average income of beneficiary households from beekeeping is increased by51.54% compared to the average income of beneficiary households assessed at the end of the pilot intervention. Study concludes that interventions on strengthening alternative income security optionsin rural mountain context are sustainable given that the alternative livelihood options are carefully identified and implemented in a participatory manner.
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References
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Carol A. Kearns, David W. Inouye, and Nickolas M. Waser, (1998). Endangered Mutualism, the Conservation of Plant-Pollinations, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, pp 83-112
Carroll, T., & Kinsella, J. (2013). Livelihood improvement and smallholder beekeeping in Kenya: the unrealised potential. Development in Practice, 23(3), pp 332-345.
Cristina Bianca Pocol, Molly Mc Donough. (2015). Women, Apiculture and Development: Evaluating the Impact of a Beekeeping Project on Rural Women’s Livelihoods. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 72(2).
Cunningham, S. A., FitzGibbon, F., & Heard, T. A. (2002). The future of pollinators for Australian agriculture. Crop and Pasture Science, 53(8), pp 893-900.
Deaton, A., and M. Grosh. (2000). “Consumption.”In Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries: Lessons from 15 Years of the Living Standards Measurement Study, Vol. 3, ed. M. Grosh and P. Glewwe, 91–134. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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Ezekiel, A.A, Olagunju, F.I and Olapade-Ogunwole, F. (2013). Economics of Honey Production in Oyo State, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of Arts and Humanities (GARJAH), 2(2) pp. 43-47.
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Ikediobi C. O., Obi V. C., Achoba I. A. (1985). Beekeeping and honey production in Nigeria. Nigerian Field 50: 59 – 70.
Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., Saraiva, A. M., & De Jong, D. (2006).Bees as pollinators in Brazil. In Workshop on São Paulo Declaration on Pollinators plus 5 Forum (2003: São Paulo, Brazil). HolosEditora.
Jaffé R, Dietemann V, Allsopp MH, Costa C, et al. (2010).Estimating the density of honeybee colonies across their natural range to fill the gap in pollinator decline censuses, Conservation Biology, 24(2): pp 583–93.
Jaffé R, Pope N, Carvalho A.T, Maia UM, Blochtein B, et al. (2015).Bees for Development: Brazilian Survey Reveals How to Optimize Stingless Beekeeping, PLoS ONE 10(3). Also available at. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121157.
Joni, V. (2004).The Possibilities and Constraints of Improving Livelihoods through Apicultural Development in Ranomafana National Park in Madagascar, University of Helsinki.
Lietaer, C., (2007).Impact of beekeeping on forest conservation, preservation of forest ecosystems and poverty reduction.
MacKay, R and D Horton. (2003). Expanding the use of impact assessment and evaluation in agricultural research and development. Agricultural Systems, 78(2), 143–165.
Mazorodze Brian T., (2015). The contribution of apiculture towards rural income in Honde valley, Zimbabwe. Presented at the National Capacity Building Strategy for Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation Conference, May 26-28, 2015, American University in the Emirates, Dubai.
McKee, B. (2003).Prevention of residues in honey: A future perspective. Apiacta, 38, 173-177
Meixner, M. D. (2010). A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 103, S80-S95.
Michael Bamberger. (2010). Reconstructing Baseline Data for Impact Evaluation and Results Measurement. Special series on the nuts and bolts of M&E system. Washington DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1276521901256/premnoteME4.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2017.
Morse, R.A. (1989).History of Subsection; Apiculture and Social insects. Bulletin Entomology Society, America, 35, pp116–118.
Nwali, L. (1996). Agriculture Panorama. Media Extension, NAERLS, Ahmadu Bello.
Qaiser, T., Ali, M., Taj, S., and Akmal, N. (2013).Impact Assessment of Beekeeping in Sustainable Rural Livelihood. Journal of Social Sciences, COES&RJ-JSS.
Raitzer D and T Kelley. (2008). Benefit-cost meta-analysis of investment in the International Agricultural Research Centers of the CGIAR. Agricultural Systems, 96, pp 108–123.
Rakesh Kumar Gupta, WimReybroeck, Johan W. et al, (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1.
Ravallion, M. (2007). Evaluating anti-poverty programs. Handbook of development economics, 4, pp 3787-3846.
Saha, C, J. (2002).Beekeeping for Rural Development, Its Potentiality and Beekeeping against Poverty –Bangladesh Perspective, Standing Commission of Beekeeping for Rural Development.
Staveley, J. P., Law, S. A., Fairbrother, A., &Menzie, C. A. (2014). A Causal Analysis of Observed Declines in Managed Honey Bees (Apismellifera). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 20(2), pp 566–591.
Timothy Kelley, Jim Ryan and Hans Gregersen. (2008). Enhancing ex post impact assessment of agricultural research: the CGIAR experience Research Evaluation, 17(3), pp 201–212.
Uma Partap., (1997). Bee flora of the Hindukush Himalayas: ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. Available accessed on May 3, 2017. Available at, http://lib.icimod.org/record/21940/files/Bee%20Flora%20of%20the%20Hindu%20Kush-Himalayas-Low.pdf.
Verma, L.R. (1990). Beekeeping in Integrated Mountain Development: Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Available at http://lib.icimod.org/record/25732/files/c_attachment_468_3721. Accessed May 19, 2017.
WorkuAbebawAsressie, (2012). Bees for Development Journal 95.
Yap NT, Devlin JF., (2015). Beekeeping innovation for sustaining rural livelihoods. A success story. Innovation and Sustainable Development, 9(2), pp 103-117.
AKRSP, (2010). An assessment of socio economic trends in Northern areas and Chitral.
Ayansola, A.A, (2012).An Appraisal of Apicultural Practices in Southwestern Nigeria, Journal Agricultural Science, 3(2), pp 79-84.
Belli, F., F. Stafford, and D. Alwin.(2009). Calendarand Time Diary Methods in Life Course Research.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Binswanger, H., Khandker, S.R., Rosenzweig,M. (1993). How infrastructure and financial institutions affect agricultural output and investment in India”. Journal of Develop Economics, 41, pp 337–366.
Bradbear, N. (2009). Bees and their Role in Forest Livelihoods. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Carol A. Kearns, David W. Inouye, and Nickolas M. Waser, (1998). Endangered Mutualism, the Conservation of Plant-Pollinations, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, pp 83-112
Carroll, T., & Kinsella, J. (2013). Livelihood improvement and smallholder beekeeping in Kenya: the unrealised potential. Development in Practice, 23(3), pp 332-345.
Cristina Bianca Pocol, Molly Mc Donough. (2015). Women, Apiculture and Development: Evaluating the Impact of a Beekeeping Project on Rural Women’s Livelihoods. Bulletin UASVM Horticulture 72(2).
Cunningham, S. A., FitzGibbon, F., & Heard, T. A. (2002). The future of pollinators for Australian agriculture. Crop and Pasture Science, 53(8), pp 893-900.
Deaton, A., and M. Grosh. (2000). “Consumption.”In Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries: Lessons from 15 Years of the Living Standards Measurement Study, Vol. 3, ed. M. Grosh and P. Glewwe, 91–134. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Dietemann, V., Pirk, C. W. W., & Crewe, R. (2009). Is there a need for conservation of honeybees in Africa? Apidologie, 40(3), pp 285-295.
Ezekiel, A.A, Olagunju, F.I and Olapade-Ogunwole, F. (2013). Economics of Honey Production in Oyo State, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of Arts and Humanities (GARJAH), 2(2) pp. 43-47.
F. Ahmad, Surendra R Joshi, Min B. Gurung., (2003). The Himalayan cliff bee ApisLaboriosa and the honey hunters of Kaski. Indigenous Honeybee of the Himalayas Vol (1), ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. Retrieved from http://lib.icimod.org/record/21832/files/attachment_124.pdf. Accessed May 4, 2017.
Famuyide, O.O., Adebayo, O., et al, (2014). Economic Contributions of Honey Production as a Means of Livelihood Strategy in Oyo State, International Journal of Science and Technology, 3 (1)?
F. Ahmad, Surendra R. Joshi, Min B. Gurung, (2007). Beekeeping and Rural Development. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development.
Galiani, S., Gertler, P., Schargrodsky, E., (2005). Water for life: The impact of the privatization of water services on child mortality”. Journal of Political Economy 113 (1), pp 83–119.
Gidey Y and Mekonen T. (2010). Participatory Technology and Constraints Assessment to Improve the Livelihood of Beekeepers in Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia, Middle East Journal of Science, 2 (1), pp 76-92
Gupta RK, Reybroeck W, van Veen JW, Gupta A. (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security?
White, H., & S. Sabarwal. (2014). Quasi-experimental Design and Methods, Methodological Briefs. Impact Evaluation 8, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence. Retrieved from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/brief_8_quasi-experimental%20design_eng.pdf
Hunzai, K., Gerlitz, J. Y., &Hoermann, B. (2011). Understanding mountain poverty in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: regional report for Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan. Kathmandu, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. http://lib.icimod.org/record/9376. Accessed at , on May 3, 2017.
Hussain, A., Rasul, G., Mahapatra, B., & Tuladhar, S. (2016). Household food security in the face of climate change in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region. Food Security, 8(5), 921-937.
ICIMOD (2008). Sustainable Mountain Development - ICIMOD Newsletter No. 54, Spring 2008 pages 26-30 “Living with honeybees – a decade of enrichment of thought and understanding” contributed by Farooq Ahmad and Uma Partap.
Ikediobi C. O., Obi V. C., Achoba I. A. (1985). Beekeeping and honey production in Nigeria. Nigerian Field 50: 59 – 70.
Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., Saraiva, A. M., & De Jong, D. (2006).Bees as pollinators in Brazil. In Workshop on São Paulo Declaration on Pollinators plus 5 Forum (2003: São Paulo, Brazil). HolosEditora.
Jaffé R, Dietemann V, Allsopp MH, Costa C, et al. (2010).Estimating the density of honeybee colonies across their natural range to fill the gap in pollinator decline censuses, Conservation Biology, 24(2): pp 583–93.
Jaffé R, Pope N, Carvalho A.T, Maia UM, Blochtein B, et al. (2015).Bees for Development: Brazilian Survey Reveals How to Optimize Stingless Beekeeping, PLoS ONE 10(3). Also available at. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121157.
Joni, V. (2004).The Possibilities and Constraints of Improving Livelihoods through Apicultural Development in Ranomafana National Park in Madagascar, University of Helsinki.
Lietaer, C., (2007).Impact of beekeeping on forest conservation, preservation of forest ecosystems and poverty reduction.
MacKay, R and D Horton. (2003). Expanding the use of impact assessment and evaluation in agricultural research and development. Agricultural Systems, 78(2), 143–165.
Mazorodze Brian T., (2015). The contribution of apiculture towards rural income in Honde valley, Zimbabwe. Presented at the National Capacity Building Strategy for Sustainable Development and Poverty Alleviation Conference, May 26-28, 2015, American University in the Emirates, Dubai.
McKee, B. (2003).Prevention of residues in honey: A future perspective. Apiacta, 38, 173-177
Meixner, M. D. (2010). A historical review of managed honey bee populations in Europe and the United States and the factors that may affect them. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 103, S80-S95.
Michael Bamberger. (2010). Reconstructing Baseline Data for Impact Evaluation and Results Measurement. Special series on the nuts and bolts of M&E system. Washington DC: The World Bank. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1276521901256/premnoteME4.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2017.
Morse, R.A. (1989).History of Subsection; Apiculture and Social insects. Bulletin Entomology Society, America, 35, pp116–118.
Nwali, L. (1996). Agriculture Panorama. Media Extension, NAERLS, Ahmadu Bello.
Qaiser, T., Ali, M., Taj, S., and Akmal, N. (2013).Impact Assessment of Beekeeping in Sustainable Rural Livelihood. Journal of Social Sciences, COES&RJ-JSS.
Raitzer D and T Kelley. (2008). Benefit-cost meta-analysis of investment in the International Agricultural Research Centers of the CGIAR. Agricultural Systems, 96, pp 108–123.
Rakesh Kumar Gupta, WimReybroeck, Johan W. et al, (2014). Beekeeping for Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London. DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9199-1.
Ravallion, M. (2007). Evaluating anti-poverty programs. Handbook of development economics, 4, pp 3787-3846.
Saha, C, J. (2002).Beekeeping for Rural Development, Its Potentiality and Beekeeping against Poverty –Bangladesh Perspective, Standing Commission of Beekeeping for Rural Development.
Staveley, J. P., Law, S. A., Fairbrother, A., &Menzie, C. A. (2014). A Causal Analysis of Observed Declines in Managed Honey Bees (Apismellifera). Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 20(2), pp 566–591.
Timothy Kelley, Jim Ryan and Hans Gregersen. (2008). Enhancing ex post impact assessment of agricultural research: the CGIAR experience Research Evaluation, 17(3), pp 201–212.
Uma Partap., (1997). Bee flora of the Hindukush Himalayas: ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal. Available accessed on May 3, 2017. Available at, http://lib.icimod.org/record/21940/files/Bee%20Flora%20of%20the%20Hindu%20Kush-Himalayas-Low.pdf.
Verma, L.R. (1990). Beekeeping in Integrated Mountain Development: Economic and Scientific Perspectives. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Available at http://lib.icimod.org/record/25732/files/c_attachment_468_3721. Accessed May 19, 2017.
WorkuAbebawAsressie, (2012). Bees for Development Journal 95.
Yap NT, Devlin JF., (2015). Beekeeping innovation for sustaining rural livelihoods. A success story. Innovation and Sustainable Development, 9(2), pp 103-117.
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Published
2017-10-01
How to Cite
Ahmad, T., Shah, G.-M., Ahmad, F., Partap, U., & Ahmad, S. (2017). Impact of Apiculture on the Household Income of Rural Poor in Mountains of Chitral District in Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences (COES&Amp;RJ-JSS), 6(3), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.25255/jss.2017.6.3.518.531
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