The story of caste: old and new
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25255/jss.2016.5.4.459.474Keywords:
caste, jati, sanskritization, caste mobility, caste-passingAbstract
This paper is an attempt to discuss the Indian caste system and a few concepts with relation to it. The ideas and frameworks that surround it are caste, jati, sanskritization, caste mobility, passing and caste-passing which will be examined too. All these will be deliberated from sociological, anthropological as well as historical perspectives. Therefore, this paper offers an overview of the caste system and through it we are also introduced to other elements like caste mobility, suitability of marriage partners, social and personal relationships that are determined by one’s caste are some of the issues brought to fore in this research. Caste mobility whether, it is discussed overtly or lies only as a dormant idea, but nevertheless visible to the Indian or society exclusively or the world at large is an important part in Indian society. The act of either moving up or moving down the caste ladder is not a new issue in India or in Indian fiction and other discourses. This paper shows that there have been efforts made by certain castes or groups to move up the caste ladder. Nevertheless, these attempts involve groups, not individuals. How individuals can pass up the caste ladder will also be discussed using the African-American racial passing paradigm. The act is labeled as caste-passing by Halimah Mohamed Ali (2006, 2011) in her research on this issue. The term is a neology created by her via this research.
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References
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(18 November 1999).
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___________. 1963. The wretched of the earth. Trans. Constance Farrington. New York: Groves Press, Inc..
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St. Albans: Paladin.
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ideology in R.K. Narayan, Anita Desai, Kamala Marakandaya and Salman Rushdie.
Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
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Collins Publishers.
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Debate. (Part 1). Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 30 (3). 25-36.
Frankenberg, Ruth, Mani, Lata. 1992. Crosscurrents, crosstalk: race, ‘postcoloniality’ and
the politics of location. Mongia, Padmini. (ed.). Contemporary postcolonial theory.
345-364.
Freeman, James M. 1979. Untouchable: an Indian life history. London: George Allen
and Unwin.
Ganguly, Debjani. 2005. Caste, colonialism and counter-modernity. London:
Routledge.
Ginsberg, Elaine K. 1996. Introduction: the politics of passing. Elaine K. Ginsberg
(ed.). Passing and the Fictions of Identity Durham: Duke University Press. 1-18.
Gould, Harold A. 1987. The Hindu caste system: the sacrilization of a social order.
Delhi: Chanakya Publications.
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Press of New England.
Gupta, Dipankar. 2000. Mistaken modernity: India between worlds. New Delhi:
HarperCollins Publishers India.
Hall, Wade. 1997. Passing for black: the life and careers of Mae Street Kidd.
Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.
Hocart, A. M. 1968. (1950) Caste: a comparative study. Reprint. New York: Russell
& Russell.
Hoffman, Karen Ann. 1999. Genre passing, identity crossing: fictive autobiographies
in British and American modernism (James Weldon Johnson, Willa Cather, Ford
Madox Ford, Virginia Woolf) (online)
wwwlib.uni.com/dxweb/details?doc_no=162937. (20 January 2000).
Hutton, J. H. 1963. Caste in India. (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Issacs, Harold R. 1972. The ex-untouchables. J. Michael Mahar. Contemporary India.
Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. 375-410.
Katrak, Ketu H. 1989. Decolonizing culture: toward a theory for postcolonial
women’s texts. Modern Fiction Studies. 35 (1) 157-179.
Kawash, Samira. 1996. The autobiography of an ex-coloured man: (passing for) black
passing for white. Elaine K. Ginsberg. (ed.). Passing and the fictions of identity.
Durham: Duke University Press. 59-73.
Khair, Tabish. 2001. Babu fictions: alienation in contemporary Indian English novels.
New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Khare, R. S. 1995. The body, sensoria and self of the powerless: remembering/
“re-membering” Indian Untouchable women. New Literary History. 26. 147-168.
__________. 1992. The Other’s double – the anthropologist’s bracketed self: notes on
cultural representation and privileged discourse. New Literary History. 23. 1-23.
Knippling, Alpana Sharma. 1993. R. K. Narayan, Raja Rao and modern English
discourse in colonial India. Modern Fiction Studies. 39 (1). 169-186.
Kunzru, Hari. 2003 (2002). The impressionist. Reprint. London: Penguin Books.
Lamb, Beatrice Pitney. 1968. India: a world in transition. New York; Washington:
Praeger Publishers.
Lanjouw, P. F. 1992. Inequality, poverty and mobility: the experience of a north Indian
village. Index of theses. (online) http://www.theses.com. (4 January 2000).
Mahar, Michael J. (ed.). 1972. Contemporary India. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press.
Malak, Amin 1993. The Shahrazadic tradition: Rohinton Mistry’s Such a long journey
and the art of story telling. Journal of Commonwealth Literature. XXVIII (2). 108-
118.
Malik, Yogendra K. 1975. Contemporary political novels in Hindi: an interpretation.
Contributions to Asian Studies. 6. 16-42.
Menon, D.M. Caste, nationalism and communism in Malabar, 1900-48. Index to
theses. http:www.theses.com. (19 January 2000).
Milner, Murray, Jr. 1993. Hindu eschatology and the Indian caste system: an example
of structural reversal. The Journal of Asian Studies. 52 (2). 298-319.
Mistry, Rohinton. 1992 (1991). Such a long journey. London: Faber and Faber.
Mistry, Rohinton. 1996 (1995). A fine balance. Reprint. London: Faber and Faber.
Mohamed, N.P. 1997. (1990). The eye of god. Trans. Gita Krishnankutty. Chennai:
Macmillan India Limited.
Mohamed Ali, Halimah. 2011. Orientalism From Within: Arundhati
Roy and her contemporaries. Pulau Pinang: Universiti Sains Malaysia.
________________________ 2006. “Orientalism From Within: Pandering and
catering to the West in three contemporary Indian English novels” (Universiti
Sains Malaysia unpublished Ph. D. theses)
Mokashi-Punekar, Shankar. The Kannada political novel. Contributions to Asian
Studies. 6. 121-139.
Moose, C. D. F. 1986. Caste, Christianity and Hinduism: a study of social
organisation and religion in rural Ramnad. Index of Theses. http//www.theses.com
(20 January 1999).
Murthy, U.R. Anantha. 1996. Bharathipura. Trans. P. Sreenivasa Rao. Chennai:
Macmillan India Limited.
Naipaul, Shiva. 1987. An unfinished journey. New York: Viking.
Narayan, R.K. 1978. The Mahabharata: a shortened modern prose version of the
Indian epic. London: Heinemann.
Nehru, Jawaharlal. 1960. The discovery of India. New impression. London: Meridian
Books Limited.
Newlyn, Andria Kelsey. 1999. Righting the racial code: narrative and race (nineteenth
century, twentieth century, passing texts, transracial narratives). (online)
wwwlib.umi.com/dxweb/details?doc_no=155537. (21 January 2000).
Patel, Kanji. 1997. (1989). Rear verandah. Trans. Nikhil Khandekar. Chennai:
Macmillan India Limited.
Paulin, Dianna Rebekkah. 1999. Staging miscegenation: re-viewing cross-racial
liaisons in the United States drama and fiction. (online)
wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit?p9943709. (21 February 2000).
People unlike us: the India that is invisible. 2001. New Delhi: HarperCollins
Publishers India.
Pillai, Thakazhi Sivasankara. 1993. (1948). Scavenger’s son. Trans. R. E. Asher.
Oxford: Heinemann.
Piper, Adrian. 1996. Passing for white, passing for black. Ginsberg, Elaine K. (ed.).
Passing and the fictions of identity. Durham: Duke University Press. 234-267.
Pollock, Sheldon. 1993. Ramayana and the political imagination in India. The Journal
of Asian Studies. 52. (2). 261-267.
Portales, Marco. 1987. Writing history: subjective authoritativeness. New Literary
History. 18 (2). 461-466.
Prakasam, G. 1993. Satnamis: the changing status of scheduled caste in Chhattisgarh,
Madya Pradesh. Index to Theses. http://www. theses.com (21 January 2000).
Radhakrishnan, S. 1973. Our Heritage. New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks.
Rahman, Munibur. 1975. Political novels in Urdu. Contributions to Asian Studies. 6. 140- 153.
______________. 1992. The Indian moment. New Straits Times. 27 May 1992. 31.
Rao, Velcheru Narayana. The political novel in Telugu. Contributions to Asian Studies. 6. 94-105.
Richman, Paul. Ed. 1991. Many Ramayanas: the diversity of a narrative tradition in
South Asia. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Rigby, Peter. 1996. African images, racism and the end of anthropology. Oxford;
Washington D.C.: Berg.
Robinson, Amy. 1994. It takes one to know one: passing and communities of common
interest. Critical Inquiry. 20. 715-736.
Ross, L. Kelley The caste system and the stages of life in Hinduism(online).
http://www.friesian.com/caste.htm (18 September 1999).
Roy, Arundhati. 1997. The god of small things. London: Flamingo.
Sabharwal, Gopa. 2000. The Indian millenium: AD 1000-2000. New Delhi: Penguin
Books.
Sahgal, Nayantara. 1993. Some thoughts on the puzzle of identity. The journal of
commonwealth literature. XXVIII. (I). 3-15.
Seth, Vikram. 1994 (1993). A suitable boy. Reprint. London: Phoenix.
Seth, Rajee. 1998. (1995). Unarmed. Trans. Raji Narasimhan. Chennai: Macmillan
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2016-10-01
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Ali, H. M. (2016). The story of caste: old and new. Journal of Social Sciences (COES&Amp;RJ-JSS), 5(4), 459–474. https://doi.org/10.25255/jss.2016.5.4.459.474
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