Competency mapping based education and training program development model at the centre of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment in Malang, East Java, Indonesia

This research was aimed at developing model of competency based education and training program by using program instruments and software for education and training services. This research employed the Borg and Gall Research and Development Method simplified by the Center of Policy Research and Innovation of The Indonesia Republic Department of Education. The research was conducted by following 5 (five) steps including initial research, initial product development, experts validation, small scale field trial, large scale field trial and product implementation. The objects of this research were leaders, staffs, and teachers. This research resulted 5 (five) products including the concept of model, guidelines of using instruments to design program tools for each level, guidelines of using tools for competency eligibility, competency mapping software, and manual of using competency mapping software. The product workability was measured through the product usage level, the ease of product usage level, the level of product readability, the level of product completeness, the level of product effectiveness, and the product attraction using five scales category.Results of this research showed that these initial 4 (four) levels categorized as very high scoring 4.81 at the validation phase, scoring 4.62 at the small scale trial phase, and scoring 4.63 the large scale trial phase, and 4.85 at the implementation phase. The product attraction level also reached very high scoring 4.86 and the satisfaction level in the implementation of the product was also very high scoring 4.60 . The software was successfully used to input 4230 vocational teachers data base. This research concluded that the product can be used by the center of Center of Automotive and Electronic Teachers and education Staffs Development, Malang, East Java, Indonesia to (1) design graded and continuous education and training program, (2) design competency assessment instruments for the quality assurance, and (3) to conduct need analysis using competency mapping software.


Introduction
Center of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment is the place where teachers and education satffs develop their competency that can contribute to the quality of education in Indonesia. The quality of education developer can be seen from the education development index (EDI) in which in 2011 Indonesia places at the 69 position with 0.934 index level. The first position is Finlandia with 1.00 index level . This has been the main factor determining the success of education in Finlandia. This success has been contributed by the quality teacher recruitment and the good as well as structured education and training. Based on this fact, the center of teachers and education satffs development and empowerment in Malang needs program model to enhance teachers and education staffs competency.
Based on the preliminary research conducted by Jojon (2013), the preparation and execution of the education and training provided by the center of teacher and education staffs in Malang, it was found out that: (1) the education and training program was designed on the basis of the analitical ability of each individual center, instead of being designed on the basis of the National standard, (2) the education and training program was designed on the basis of the query needs, instead of being designed as the continuing profesional development(CPD) program, (3) the invitation to the participants was done on the basis of data hunting, instead of reliable data base connected to the continuous professional development program data based, (4) the quality assurance was based on the education and training evaluation, instead of using realiable competency assessment integrated to the education and training program for continuous professional development that makes the center unable to grant certificate of competency. In fact the Law of the Indonesia Republic National Education chapter 61 verse 3 revealed that competency certificate can be granted by education and training institution as the recognition of the competency after being assessed by the accredited institution.
Based on this factual phenomema, it was obvious that there were problems in designing education and training program, of ineffective and inefficient services, in lacking of having graded education and training structure, and in having no reliable information mangement data base. This affected the unclear education and training standard, education and training tools standard, education and training materials, and education and training media. These are very crucial to work with education and training budgets.
The Indonesian government has required the continuing profesional development (CPD)model of education and training as structured approach to help enhance trainee competency. Anwar (2003) said that teachers can be developed through the continuing profesionaldevelopment model at their own schools and at the center of professional development such as the teachers work group, principals work group, and supervisors work group involving relevant learning activities in terms of formal learning, structured and informal learning, and self directed learning. In fact the center of teachers and staffs education and training only used non graded education and training program impacted to the lack of furthure education and training stages and need analysis as well as participants analysis was conducted every year ineffectively.
In general, these problems covered the weaknesses of the education and training need analysis techniques, the unavailability of the graded structured continuous education and training program, the unavailability of the quality assurance model, and the weaknesses of the data base system. This needed solutions and therefore, this research was conducted. This research has been expected to solve these problems in terms of the concept modelling, instrumentations, and software. Furthurmore, it is highly needed to provide education and training program products which had to be designed on the basis of the competency gap and conducted step-by-step as well as continuously. Reliable Education and training data base as well as management which are able to determine right and eligible particiupants are also highly needed.
Based on these argumentations, this research was conducted. The researcher developed Competency Mapping Based Education and Training Model aiming at: (1) developing graded competency mapping based education and training, (2) developing graded education and training tools design completed with usage manual books, (3) developing competency eligibility program tools design instruments completed with usage manual book, (4) developing competency mapping based education and training service software, and (5) developing competency mapping based software usage manual.
The supporting theories used in this research were includingPont's (1991) theories describing five phase of training, which are (1) training need analysis, (2)training approach design and planning, (3)training materials development,(4) training implementation and (5) Training evaluation; Nadler's (1982) theories known as The Critical Events Model (CEM) which was developed based on the reality that organization and individuals are complex,and Mathis dan Jakson's (2002) theory saying that relevant components of training phase include initial evaluation, implementation, and evaluation.
In the case of CEM, not all vartiables can be included in the training program design. Only certain important events are chosen in the system. Such events are nine steps including (1) organization need identification, (2) evaluation and feedback, (3) work formation specification, (4) learning need identification, (5) training objective determination, (6) curriculum design, (7) teaching strategy selection, (8) teaching resouces provision, dan (9) and implementation of training.The evaluation phase is always related to the planning phase. The main target of the training are teachers who are weak at their competency. There are criteria of success which are designed on the basis of the competency gap. In the implementation phase the leaders of training as well as the specialists can collaborate with instructional provision, classes, materials, and those related to the training. The evaluation phase is very important to see to what extend the training is successful and to see whether the objectives are achieved.To work on this effectively each bundle of training training need to be completed with instructional planning, module, presentation, and evaluation (Supriyono, 2016:40).Training supervision functions as the bridge between implementation and evaluation and become the feedback to determine training objectives in the future. Sugiri, in Sonhadji (2001) identify the components of training system model as (1) mission understanding, policy, and training organization objectives, (2) training plan, (3) training program design, (4) training implementation, (5) training method, (6) evaluation, and (7) monitoring and field work. Working with propper steps of teachers and education staffs professionalization as well as concerns on motivation are also important (Supriyono, 2015). These are important to be included in the development of trianing model.

Method
This research employed research and development (R&D) on the basis of the Board dan Gall model of ten research steps which were modified and simplified by Depdikbud to be five steps procedures including (1) analizing developed product, (2) developing initial Competency mapping based education......... product, (3) validation and revision, (4) small scale trial and product revision, (5) large scale trial and product finalization (Depdikbud, Board dan Gall, 1983). This research and development product is developed by the researcher himself; Thefore, this need to be exposed to show the components and relation among the componenets in the development (Depdikbud, 1983). Those five steps procedures can be visualized in the following pictures:

Figure1Research and Development Procedures Scheme 1.Developed Product analysis
At this phase, the researcher conducted literary study to clearly define problems being researched and developed and to make main scope of research to avoid intentional and unintentional plagiation. The researcher, then, conducted preliminary research at the Education andd Training Institution which belongs to Directorate general of Teachers and Education Staffs, Indonesia Republic in 12 Centers of Teachers and Education staffs Development and Empowerment across Indonesia to collect data information on managerial problems and potential driving forces to develop the initial product. The initial product was Education and Training Management Model using "Competency Mapping Based Education and Training Model".
The education and training program was developed by structuring the education and training themes which are graded on the basis of the competency standard framework. The paerticipants were determined through competency mapping by comparing the real participants competency and the competency standard. This resulted valid competency gaps as the training needs. Sumantri (2005) said that training needs were conditions where there were gaps between the expexted situation and the real situation. To fulfill these objectives, the researcher conducted research and development concerning (1) Competency Mapping Based Education and Training Program comprising graded education and training program, competency eligibility program, and education and training service software, (2) Guidelines of the graded education and training program tools instruments, (3) Guidelines of competency eligibility program instruments, (4) Competency mapping Program Software (5) Software usage manual.

2.Experts Validation and Revision
The validation phase was an activity to judge the product design by experts to declare whether the product was rationally valid and able to solve identified problems. In terms of the validation process, Sugiyono (2009:414) said that product validation coiul be done by inviting experts experiencing to judge new products. Tessmer (1998) confirmed that it was enough to determined validity or truth by having expert judgement. The validation process for the initial product was conducted by choosing experts, making validation tools, and determining validation procedures. The chosen expert from the center of teacher and education staffs education and training was those who had position, extensive knowledge, competent, comprehen, and experience in policy of education and training program and management as well as programmer in developing software application.
The validation tools consisted of 1) introductory letter,2) initial products consisting competency mapping based education and training, guideline book of the graded education and training model tools design instrument, guideline book of the competency eligibility model tools instrument, competency mapping software, competency mapping software usage manual, (3) validation sheets and open as well as closed verification or questionnaire. The validation tools for software usage were black boxtrials. The validation procedures were as follow (1) submitting validation tools, (2) explaining products being validated, (3) direct dialogue of the initial product, (4)taking validation results, (5) consulting revision, (6) having truth justification from experts. The validation procedure in the phase of revision conultation and truth justificationwas called Delphi techniques or Expert Judgment, which is a technique to make decision by a group of people comprising experts of the concerned decision (Depdiknas, 2008) by starting from problem identification to be solved (Harold 1975;40-45). The competency mapping software product procedure comprised (1) handing the software to the software trial laboratory at the center of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment in Malang, East Java, Indonesia, (2) black boxexamination at the laboratory, (3) results of thesoftware trial.

3.Small Scale Field Trial and Product Revision
The expert validated product was trialed in the small scale field as the followings: a. The small scale competency mapping based education and training model was focused on the level of usage, the level of usage ease, the level of completeness, and the level of model readability. b. The small scale trials in terms of the instrument development was done by (1) inviting respondents of 12 the so-called Widyaiswara (senior trainers) representing study programs at the center of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment in Malang, (2) giving explanation of first product, second product, and third product to respondents, Competency mapping based education.........
(3) the respondents filled out instruments suitable to the product being developed, and (4) respondents filled out the colsed and openned questionnaires. c. Small scaale trials of the software competency mapping usage was done by (1) inviting respondents comprising the 12 Widyaiswara (senior trainers), 6 managers of Vocational Schools, and 24 teachers of vocational schools being trained and developed by the center of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment in Malang areas, (2) giving explanation of the fourth and fifth products to the respondents, (3) having respondents to input data to the software and (4) having respondents to filled out the openned and closed questionaires. d. Explanation of first, second, third, fourth, and fifth products was done by the researcher himself. e. The usage level, ease of the usage, completeness, readability were measured by using one-shot case study type (Mertens, 2010), which was an experiment giving treatment to the respondents, as follow: "XO" X = experiment treatment O = observation of the dependent variable (e.g. Pre test, post test or interim measures) f. Results of the respondents judgements were used as the reference of model analysis to revise product. After the product was revised, the product was trialed in large scale field.

4.Large Scale Field Trial
The revised small scale field was then trialled in the large scale field as follows: a. The trial of the competency mapping based teachers and education staffs development and empowerment model was focused on the level of usage, level of usage ease, level of completeness, and the redability of the model. b. The large scale field trial of the the competency mapping based teachers and education staffs development and empowerment model was done by (1) inviting respondents of 24 the so-called Widyaiswara (senior trainers) representing all departments of the center of teachers and education staffs development and empowermentin Malang, (2) giving explanation of the first product, second product, and third product to the respondents, (3) the respondents filled out instruments suitable to the product being developed, and (4) respondents filled out the closed and openned questionnaires. c. The large scale field trial of the competency mapping software usage was done by (1) inviting respondents of 24 the so-called Widyaiswara (senior trainers),12 managers of the vocational schools being trained and developed by the center of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment in Malang and 48 teachers of the same schools, (2) giving explanation of the fourth and fifth products to the respondents, (3) having the respondents to input data into software, (4) having the respondents to filled out closed and openned quuestionaires. d.
Explanation of the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth products was done by the researcher himself. e. The levels of usage, usage ease, completeness, and readability were measured by oneshot case study (Martens, 2010), which was the experiment by using treatment to the respondents as follow: "XO" X = experiment treatment O = observation of the dependent variable (e.g. Pretest, posttest or interim measures) f. Results of the respondent judgement for those levels were used as reference to analized the model and recise the final product. The final product was implemented at the center of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment in Malang and in other cities in Indonesia as well as at vocational schools across Indonesia. The overall results indicated that the five products developed were eligible to use for the product implementation. This was inline with what Tessmer (1998) said that a product or program was considered as practical when people who used the product considered that the product was usable. The trials showed valid results as compared to this statement. Tessmer (1998) further said that a product or program could be said as valid if the product or program reflected the state of the art of knowledge) or content validity.
Results of the implementation of Competency Mapping Based Education and Training program in terms of the effectiveness level through five products attained average suitability score of 4.85 or 0.95 % which was categorized as very suitable with the model developed by the researcher. According to Tessmer (1998),a product or program can be said as effective if the product or program is suitable with that of being developed by the researcher. Results of the model implementation in terms of the attraction reached the average score of 4. 86 or 0,97 % which was categorized as very high. This means that the Competency Mappping Based Education and Training Program Model could become the choice for the education and training institutions to apply. Results of the pproduct implementation in terms of the participants' satisfaction reached the average score of 4.60 which was categorized very high. This means that the assesment tools and instruments provided the feeling of fairness among the competency assessment participants. The overall implementation of the Competency Mapping Based Education and Training Program Model reached 59 classes and their post educsation and training competency assessment reached the overall average score of 76.5. The general competency assessment resulted the average score of 85.6 exceeding the minimum criteria of competency assessment, which was 80. This can be said that the education and training with post competency assessment ensure the quality of education and training as well as the general competency.

Discussion
Having the results of product trials and competency assessment through out the five products as well as the implementation after products trials, the education and training institutions which were the center of teachers and education staffs development and empowerment accepted the products to be implemented in all centers across Indonesia. The products were considered to be usable for designing graded education and training program, assuring the quality of the education and training, as well as using the software for better quality of education and training servcises. The strenghts of these products were (1) the innovation moving from the unclear structure of training to the graded education and training on the basis of the competency trees philosophy comprising the basic competency, core competency, developing competency, competency standard based need anlysis, theme based compertency units suitable to the standard, and using program tools and instruments including education and training program structure, education and training program framework, education and training syllabus, education and training materials, education and trainingmedia, and education and trining resources, (2) innovation in terms of the competency eligibility by having the new framework comprising the education and training followed by competency assessment, quality assurance through general competency assessment, involving independent and objective institutional assessors, having standardized competency assessment isntruments, and being able to publish competency certificate, (3) competency mapping software model allowing the valid and reliable participants data base, enabling self evaluation, enabling to display individual competency profile, school profile, Regional profile, provincial and national