A comparative study on self-esteem of working and non-working women in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25255/jss.2015.4.4.934.944Keywords:
Self-esteem, working women, mental healthAbstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the difference of self-esteem between working and non-working women of Pakistan. It was hypothesized that ’’the working-women will score higher on the variable of Self-esteem as compare to non-working women. The sample of 250 (125 working, 125 non working) women were taken by purposive sampling technique. The target group’s age range was between 28 years to 45 years. The Mean score of age was (M =34.126) and the standard deviation was (SD= 4.129). The women were selected from different organizations and areas of Karachi, Pakistan through purposive sampling technique. After taking the permission from authorities and informed consent from the participant demographic forms were filled then in order to measure the self-esteem, Rosenberg self-esteem Scale (RSES, 1965) was administered, individually. Descriptive statistics and t-test for independent mean were used to analyze the data through SPSS. It was concluded that non-working women are likely to have higher self-esteem than working-women in Pakistan.
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Alavi, H. (2010). “Pakistani women in a changing society”. [Accessed 24 August 2013] Retrieved from: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sangat/pakwomen.htm
Ali, U., Khan, A., & Munaf, S. (2013) Attitudes toward Women in Managerial Position in Pakistan: International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 3 (3), 373-377.
Bandura, A. (1991a). Self-efficacy mechanism in physiological activation and health-promoting behavior. Neurobiology of learning, emotion and affect, 4, 229- 270. New York.
Bandura, A. (1991b). Self-regulation of motivation through anticipatory and self-regulatory mechanisms: Perspectives on motivation: Nebraska symposium on motivation, 38, 69-164, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Bandura, A. (2006). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Cash, F., & Gild, P. (2002). Body Cathexis and the Self. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 17 (4), 347-349.
Cash, F. (2004). Body image: Past, present, and future. In B. C. Bressman (2004). Weight related teasing: Relationship to body image, self-esteem and relative body size of adult females. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Graduate School of the Ohio State University.
Esomonu, J.C. (2010). The relationship of employment to self-perception and well-being in women: A cognitive analysis. Journal of Teacher Education and Teaching, 8 (1), 360-366.
Farida, S., & Mumtaz, K. (2010). Women’s Economic Participation in Pakistan. Status Report for UNICEF Pakistan. Accessed on September 3 2013, http://eprints.hec.gov.pk/442/1/151.html.htm
Field, A. (2005). “Factor Analysis using SPSS”. Retrieved from www.statisticsshell. com/docs/factor.pdf
Freud, A. (1936). Ego & the Mechanisms of Defense. In The Pelican Freud Library (1977).
Freud, S. (1896). Heredity and the etiology of the neuroses. In Standard edition 3, 142–156.
Gerkovich, P. (2004). Women and Men in U.S. Corporate Leadership: Same Workplace Different Realities?, 14, New York, Catalyst.
Güleryüz, G., Güney, S., Aydin, E.M., & Aşan, O. (2008). The mediating effect of job satisfaction between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment of nurses: a questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud, 45(11), 1625-35.[online] Available from: http://www.termpapergenie.com/women_3rdworld.html [Acce ssed 15 Feburary2011].
Gunnestad, A. (2006). Resilience in a Cross-Cultural Perspective: How resilience is generated in different cultures. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 11. Retrieved on Sep 25 2013 from http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr11/ gunnestad. htm
Maslow, A., (1954). Motivation and personality. New York, NY: Harper. p. 236.
Mostafa, M. (2005). Attitudes towards women managers in the United Arab Emirates: The effects of patriarchy, age, and sex differences, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(6), 522–540.
Ossai, M.C. (2011). Perspectives on working women: Bureau of Labour Satistic. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 23-28.
Rogers, C. (1947). Some observations on the organization of personality. American Psychologist, 2, 358-368.
Rosenberg, M. (1965) self-esteem Scale. In. Ahmed, R., Sami, S., Khanum, S.J. (2014). Validation of Pakistani version of Reynold’s Adolescent Depression Scale-second edition. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychology, 13(1), 15-27
Shireen, J. & Zeba, S. (2011). Women’s Autonomy in India and Pakistan: the influence of Religion and Region, Population and Development Review, 27(4), 687–712.
Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of Management Review, 14, 361-384.
World Health Organization (2006). Women’s Mental Health: A Public Health Concern. Retrieved July 4, 2013, from, http://www.searo.who.int/EN/Section1243/ Section 1310 /Section1343/Section1344/Section1353_5282.htm
Zeab, F. (2011). Feeling of security-insecurity in working-women & non-working-women in Pakistan, Post Graduate Unpublished thesis. Bucks New University (BNU), UK.
Zehra, S. (2002). Women in Pakistan - Victims of the social and economic desecration. [online] Available from: http://www.marxist.com/Asia/women_in_pakistan. html [Accessed 22 December 2013].
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Published
2015-10-01
How to Cite
Zeab, F., & Ali, U. (2015). A comparative study on self-esteem of working and non-working women in Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences (COES&Amp;RJ-JSS), 4(4), 934–944. https://doi.org/10.25255/jss.2015.4.4.934.944
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